The protective paradigm
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Abstract
The protectionist paradigm protects the vulnerable and is consistent with the access paradigm. However, they refer to different fields: the problem of access focuses exclusively on those who are excluded and can therefore be applied to those who are not weak, for example, a company seeking to enter a closed market; it focuses on the market's "ex ante" allocations, that is, on its structural flaws that cause exclusion. The protectionist paradigm, on the other hand, focuses on those who are in the market but are weak. Its constitutional foundation is equality. Its structuring principle is the protection of the individual and the collective goods that require it, such as the environment. In public law, it is manifested in human rights, which are regulated in treaties and constitutions. In private law, it arises from an evolution of principles of interpretation favoring the debtor, “favor debilis”, in favor of the consumer, and then in favor of the individual. Generalization leads to a shift from a bilateral view to a structural one, which takes into account the individual's position in the market. In collective goods, the principle "in dubio pro natura" emerges. Its unlimited development leads to a society of protected individuals who collide with each other. This view is criticized for assuming law as a defensive shield for the individual, disregarding the regulation of society. For this reason, there are tensions with the consequentialist and collective paradigms.
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