Chilling effect. Implications for Cuba after the activation of Title III of the Helms-Burton Act
Main Article Content
Abstract
Between the months January to May 2019, there was a media escalation around the announcement by the United States Department of State not to continue the traditional suspension of Title III. The consequences of the activation of this title transcended the legal; His announcement alone created an even more unfavorable climate for Cuba's business, which was identified as a freezing or chilling effect. To the set of unilateral sanctions imposed for more than six decades, was added the possibility that economic actors related to the island could be sued. The results of the investigation showed that the activation of this title was one of the factors that influenced the effects on economic activities in Cuba. As a result, commercial operations, cooperation actions and foreign investment projects that were at different levels of development were canceled. In addition, it had a negative impact on banking-financial institutions, which refused to work with Cuban entities for fear of being subject to sanctions.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Fuentes doctrinales
ARBOLEYA CERVERA, Jesús, Los misterios de la política de Estados Unidos hacia Cuba. Donald Trump y la vuelta al pasado, 1ª ed., Ocean Sur, 2019, p.163.
ARBOLEYA CERVERA, Jesús, ¿Cuál es el verdadero origen de la Ley Helms-Burton?, 2019, disponible en https://www.cubanamera.org/2019/05/cual-es-el-verdadero-origen-de-la-ley-helms-burton/
CASTRO, P., “La Ley Helms-Burton y la extraterritorialidad de las leyes internas: elementos para su explicación”, Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, No. 53, 2019, p. 58, disponible en https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://revistadigital.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/numeros/n53/castro.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi_4au66d_2AhURRTABHbCtD8wQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1Ff0HHWcHslUcGgt4sxZMm [consultado el 12 de febrero de 2022].
CORNELIO HITCHMAN, Ariadna, “Procesos judiciales derivados de la aplicación del Título III de la Ley Helms Burton”, Tesis de Maestría, Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos y sobre Estados Unidos, La Habana, 2023.
Euronews, “Trump endurece las sanciones a Cuba con la aplicación de la Ley Helms-Burton”, 2019, disponible en https://es.euronews.com/2019/05/02/trump-endurece-las-sanciones-a-cuba-con-la-aplicacion-de-la-ley-helms-burton [consultado el 12 de febrero de 2022].
GÁMEZ TORRES, Nora, “Jueza ordena a líneas de cruceros pagar más de $ 400 millones en compensación por uso de puerto de La Habana”, disponible en https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/cubaes/article270608802.html#:~:text=Una%20jueza%20federal%20orden%C3%B3%20a%20cuatro%20l%C3%ADneas%20de,castiga%20el%20%E2%80%98%E2%80%9Dtr%C3%A1fico%20de%20bienes%20robados%E2%80%9D%20en%20Cuba
HUDSON, David Jr., Chilling Effect Overview, disponible en https://www.thefire.org/research-learn/chilling-effect
KIGER, J. Patrick, “Squeeze Play. The United States, Cuba, and the Helms-Burton Act”, The Center for Public Integrity, Washington, D.C. 2, 2006, disponible en https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/SQUEEZEPLAY.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjIs_Ds6t_2AhVZSzABHWOxAawQFnoECAcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0N8ewxpsU2EsFYEoqsV3Em
LAMIGUEIRO CAÑEDO, I. y M. BAEZA MORALES, “De la Ley Helms-Burton en el conflicto Cuba-Estados Unidos”, Revista Política Internacional, 2021, pp. 140-148, disponible en https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://rpi.isri.cu/rpi/article/download/272/774/2231&ved=2ahUKEwi84I-H69_2AhV-,SjABHckJCh8QFnoECAMQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3qmxQYLCetjOrKXercAGg9 [consultado el 17 de octubre de 2022].
MORENO CRUZ, Marta, “Garantías del Sistema Jurídico Cubano para la Promoción y Protección de la Inversión Extranjera”, Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 29, 2017, disponible en http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/fjil/vol29/iss1/2 [consultado el 29 de septiembre de 2023].
PACER, disponible en https://pacer.uscourts.gov/.
ROY, J., “Las dos leyes Helms-Burton: contraste de la actitud de los Estados Unidos ante la Unión Europea y ante Cuba”, Foro Internacional, No. 43, Vol. 3, 2003, disponible en http://www.jstor.org/stable/27739206 [consultado el 29 de septiembre de 2023].
Fuentes legales
Minrex, Resolución No. 73/8 de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas Informe bloqueo 2019-2020.
U.S. Congress, The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (Helms-Burton Act), 1996, disponible en https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/helms-burton-act.html
U.S. Department of State, Constitution 1787, disponible en https://state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SPA-Constiution.pdf